Jupiter at Opposition: Closest approach of the Year

Jupiter at Opposition

Every 13 months the planet Jupiter and Earth align with the Sun, a special moment called Opposition. That represents the closest approach between the two planets, and means that Jupiter is at its brightest and 'fullest' for the year. It's unmistakeable when it rises, the brightest light in the east after sunset, blazing in its glory in one of the most spectacular parts of the night sky, near the constellations Orion, Taurus and Auriga and a large number of bright, colorful stars.

It's easy to spot the four brightest Moons (also known as the Galilean Moons) of Jupiter if you use a simple telescope or binoculars. With Jupiter at opposition, now is the time to take a closer look. If you want to actually identify which Jovian moon is which, use this handy app from Sky & Telescope.

Image courtesy Space.com.

Jupiter at Opposition -- closest approach for 2011

The Autumn evening sky is being dominated by one bright, shiny object: the planet Jupiter, which will be a highlight for several months in our skies. On October 28th, Jupiter reaches "opposition" in which it is in a line with the Earth and Sun (and no, that is not what has been causing the recent earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area!).

Image Courtesy NASA

When Earth travels around in its orbit, approximately every 13 months we have a close encounter with Jupiter. When we do, the gas giant looks impressive with or without a telescope. Without a telescope, Jupiter is extremely bright, easily 50 times brighter than the brightest stars in the sky right now. It rises due East just after sunset, and remains visible the entire night. Through a small amateur telescope, Jupiter is a fine target, easy to locate and impressive with bands across its disk and the four Galilean moons shining brightly. Now is the time to get out a telescope or binoculars and share the brilliance of Jupiter with someone.

Jupiter and the Moon dominate the sky

For the next few evenings Jupiter and the Moon put on a show as they brighten up the southern sky. Jupiter is in Capricornus moving gradually eastward across the constellation. The Moon, just past first quarter phase, is also speeding across Capricornus and will appear very near to Jupiter on Monday evening October 26th.

Jupiter will remain a brilliant light high in the southern sky for the remainder of 2009. I enjoy the close-up view of the planet through a telescope or binoculars because you can see the four Galilean satellites, moons that are big enough to see with just 10 or 20x magnification, moons that move so quickly that you can detect the change of position of the four Galilean moons with respect to each other in just one evening of watching.

Jupiter has no moons!

Tonight Jupiter will have no moons. At least that will appear to be the case for a short while, as a rare phenomenon takes place in which all of the four bright moons of Jupiter will not be visible for viewers on Earth.

Any night of the year that Jupiter is visible, you can usually spot several of the four Galilean moons. Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto are big enough that they are easy to find in a telescope or even binoculars. The inner three moons, Io, Europa and Ganymede orbit Jupiter very rapidly, in 2, 4 and 8 days respectively. So on any given night the relative position of the four moons changes and the pattern of the four moons around Jupiter - from our point of view - is always in flux. The above image from Sky and Telescope Magazine helps to illustrate this.

To make things more interesting, as a moon passes directly in front of Jupiter or behind it (or in the shadow of Jupiter) it becomes invisible for a few hours. This evening from 7:00 to 12:00 pacific time, the moons will be invisible for some period of time, with all four moons being out of view from 9:43 until 11:29 pacific. If you have a telescope or binoculars, use them to catch the changing pattern of the moons and witness this unusual alignment.

Jupiter, by the way, can be easily spotted tonight as the bright "star" in the east near the full Moon.